Ada95 Reference Manual
Foreword
Introduction
Design Goals
Language Summary
Program Units
Declarations and Statements
Data Types
Other Facilities
Language Changes
Instructions for Comment Submission
Acknowledgements
General
Scope
Extent
Structure
Conformity of an Implementation with the Standard
Method of Description and Syntax Notation
Classification of Errors
Normative References
Definitions
Lexical Elements
Character Set
Lexical Elements, Separators, and Delimiters
Identifiers
Numeric Literals
Decimal Literals
Based Literals
Character Literals
String Literals
Comments
Pragmas
Reserved Words
Declarations and Types
Declarations
Types and Subtypes
Type Declarations
Subtype Declarations
Classification of Operations
Objects and Named Numbers
Object Declarations
Number Declarations
Derived Types and Classes
Derivation Classes
Scalar Types
Enumeration Types
Character Types
Boolean Types
Integer Types
Operations of Discrete Types
Real Types
Floating Point Types
Operations of Floating Point Types
Fixed Point Types
Operations of Fixed Point Types
Array Types
Index Constraints and Discrete Ranges
Operations of Array Types
String Types
Discriminants
Discriminant Constraints
Operations of Discriminated Types
Record Types
Variant Parts and Discrete Choices
Tagged Types and Type Extensions
Type Extensions
Dispatching Operations of Tagged Types
Abstract Types and Subprograms
Access Types
Incomplete Type Declarations
Operations of Access Types
Declarative Parts
Completions of Declarations
Names and Expressions
Names
Indexed Components
Slices
Selected Components
Attributes
Literals
Aggregates
Record Aggregates
Extension Aggregates
Array Aggregates
Expressions
Operators and Expression Evaluation
Logical Operators and Short-circuit Control Forms
Relational Operators and Membership Tests
Binary Adding Operators
Unary Adding Operators
Multiplying Operators
Highest Precedence Operators
Type Conversions
Qualified Expressions
Allocators
Static Expressions and Static Subtypes
Statically Matching Constraints and Subtypes
Statements
Simple and Compound Statements - Sequences of Statements
Assignment Statements
If Statements
Case Statements
Loop Statements
Block Statements
Exit Statements
Goto Statements
Subprograms
Subprogram Declarations
Formal Parameter Modes
Subprogram Bodies
Conformance Rules
Inline Expansion of Subprograms
Subprogram Calls
Parameter Associations
Return Statements
Overloading of Operators
Packages
Package Specifications and Declarations
Package Bodies
Private Types and Private Extensions
Private Operations
Deferred Constants
Limited Types
User-Defined Assignment and Finalization
Completion and Finalization
Visibility Rules
Declarative Region
Scope of Declarations
Visibility
Use Clauses
Renaming Declarations
Object Renaming Declarations
Exception Renaming Declarations
Package Renaming Declarations
Subprogram Renaming Declarations
Generic Renaming Declarations
The Context of Overload Resolution
Tasks and Synchronization
Task Units and Task Objects
Task Execution - Task Activation
Task Dependence - Termination of Tasks
Protected Units and Protected Objects
Intertask Communication
Protected Subprograms and Protected Actions
Entries and Accept Statements
Entry Calls
Requeue Statements
Delay Statements, Duration, and Time
Select Statements
Selective Accept
Timed Entry Calls
Conditional Entry Calls
Asynchronous Transfer of Control
Abort of a Task - Abort of a Sequence of Statements
Task and Entry Attributes
Shared Variables
Example of Tasking and Synchronization
Program Structure and Compilation Issues
Separate Compilation
Compilation Units - Library Units
Context Clauses - With Clauses
Subunits of Compilation Units
The Compilation Process
Pragmas and Program Units
Environment-Level Visibility Rules
Program Execution
Elaboration Control
Exceptions
Exception Declarations
Exception Handlers
Raise Statements
Exception Handling
The Package Exceptions
Example of Exception Handling
Suppressing Checks
Exceptions and Optimization
Generic Units
Generic Declarations
Generic Bodies
Generic Instantiation
Formal Objects
Formal Types
Formal Private and Derived Types
Formal Scalar Types
Formal Array Types
Formal Access Types
Formal Subprograms
Formal Packages
Example of a Generic Package
Representation Issues
Representation Items
Pragma Pack
Representation Attributes
Enumeration Representation Clauses
Record Layout
Record Representation Clauses
Storage Place Attributes
Bit Ordering
Change of Representation
The Package System
The Package System.Storage_Elements
The Package System.Address_To_Access_Conversions
Machine Code Insertions
Unchecked Type Conversions
Data Validity
The Valid Attribute
Unchecked Access Value Creation
Storage Management
The Max_Size_In_Storage_Elements Attribute
Unchecked Storage Deallocation
Pragma Controlled
Pragma Restrictions
Streams
The Package Streams
Stream-Oriented Attributes
Freezing Rules
Predefined Language Environment (normative)
The Package Standard
The Package Ada
Character Handling
The Package Characters
The Package Characters.Handling
The Package Characters.Latin_1
String Handling
The Package Strings
The Package Strings.Maps
Fixed-Length String Handling
Bounded-Length String Handling
Unbounded-Length String Handling
String-Handling Sets and Mappings
Wide_String Handling
The Numerics Packages
Elementary Functions
Random Number Generation
Attributes of Floating Point Types
Attributes of Fixed Point Types
Input-Output
External Files and File Objects
Sequential and Direct Files
The Generic Package Sequential_IO
File Management
Sequential Input-Output Operations
The Generic Package Direct_IO
Direct Input-Output Operations
The Generic Package Storage_IO
Text Input-Output
The Package Text_IO
Text File Management
Default Input, Output, and Error Files
Specification of Line and Page Lengths
Operations on Columns, Lines, and Pages
Get and Put Procedures
Input-Output of Characters and Strings
Input-Output for Integer Types
Input-Output for Real Types
Input-Output for Enumeration Types
Wide Text Input-Output
Stream Input-Output
The Package Streams.Stream_IO
The Package Text_IO.Text_Streams
The Package Wide_Text_IO.Text_Streams
Exceptions in Input-Output
File Sharing
The Package Command_Line
Interface to Other Languages (normative)
Interfacing Pragmas
The Package Interfaces
Interfacing with C
The Package Interfaces.C.Strings
The Generic Package Interfaces.C.Pointers
Interfacing with COBOL
Interfacing with Fortran
Systems Programming (normative)
Access to Machine Operations
Required Representation Support
Interrupt Support
Protected Procedure Handlers
The Package Interrupts
Preelaboration Requirements
Pragma Discard_Names
Shared Variable Control
Task Identification and Attributes
The Package Task_Identification
The Package Task_Attributes
Real-Time Systems (normative)
Task Priorities
Priority Scheduling
The Task Dispatching Model
The Standard Task Dispatching Policy
Priority Ceiling Locking
Entry Queuing Policies
Dynamic Priorities
Preemptive Abort
Tasking Restrictions
Monotonic Time
Delay Accuracy
Synchronous Task Control
Asynchronous Task Control
Other Optimizations and Determinism Rules
Distributed Systems (normative)
Partitions
Categorization of Library Units
Shared Passive Library Units
Remote Types Library Units
Remote Call Interface Library Units
Consistency of a Distributed System
Remote Subprogram Calls
Pragma Asynchronous
Example of Use of a Remote Access-to-Class-Wide Type
Partition Communication Subsystem
Information Systems (normative)
Machine_Radix Attribute Definition Clause
The Package Decimal
Edited Output for Decimal Types
Picture String Formation
Edited Output Generation
The Package Text_IO.Editing
The Package Wide_Text_IO.Editing
Numerics (normative)
Complex Arithmetic
Complex Types
Complex Elementary Functions
Complex Input-Output
The Package Wide_Text_IO.Complex_IO
Numeric Performance Requirements
Model of Floating Point Arithmetic
Model-Oriented Attributes of Floating Point Types
Model of Fixed Point Arithmetic
Accuracy Requirements for the Elementary Functions
Performance Requirements for Random Number Generation
Accuracy Requirements for Complex Arithmetic
Safety and Security (normative)
Pragma Normalize_Scalars
Documentation of Implementation Decisions
Reviewable Object Code
Pragma Reviewable
Pragma Inspection_Point
Safety and Security Restrictions
Obsolescent Features (normative)
Renamings of Ada 83 Library Units
Allowed Replacements of Characters
Reduced Accuracy Subtypes
The Constrained Attribute
ASCII
Numeric_Error
At Clauses
Interrupt Entries
Mod Clauses
The Storage_Size Attribute
Language-Defined Attributes (informative)
Language-Defined Pragmas (informative)
Implementation-Defined Characteristics (informative)
Glossary (informative)
Syntax Summary (informative)
Index
Operator index
Digits index
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