Figure fig:dis gives the DIS functions that Green Card provides as a ``standard prelude''.
Several of the standard DISs involve types that go beyond standard Haskell:
Addr
is a type large enough to contain a machine
address. The Haskell garbage collector treats it as a non-pointer,
however.
ForeignObj
is a type designed to contain a reference to a
foreign resource of some kind: a malloc
'd structure, a file
descriptor, an window system graphical context, or some such. The
size of this reference is assumed to be that of a machine address.
When the Haskell garbage collector decides that a value of type
ForeignObj
is unreachable, it calls the object's finalisation
routine, which was given as an address in the argument of the DIS. The
finalisation routine is passed the object reference as its only
argument.
stable
DIS maps a value of any type onto a C unsigned
int
. The unsigned int
is actually an index into the stable
pointer table, which is treated as a source of roots by the garbage
collector. Thus the C procedure can effectively get a reference into
the Haskell heap. When stable
is used to map from C to Haskell,
the process is reversed.
Almost all DISs work on single-constructor data types.
It is much less obvious how to translate values of multi-constructor
data types to and from C. Nevertheless, Green Card does deal in an
ad hoc fashion with the Maybe
type, because it seems so
important. The syntax for the maybeT
DIS is:
maybeT cexp dis
where dis
is any DIS, and cexp
is a C expression which
represents the Nothing
value in the C world.
In the following example, the function foo
takes an argument of
type Maybe Int
. If the argument value is Nothing
it will
bind x
to 0
; if it is Just a
it will bind x
to the
value of a
. The return value will be Just r
unless r == -1
in which case it will be Nothing
.
%fun foo :: Maybe Int -> Maybe Int
%call (maybeT { 0 } (int x))
%code r = foo(x);
%result (maybeT { -1 } (int r))
There is also a maybe
DIS wich just takes the DIS and defaults to
0
as the Nothing
value.