Debian 不会超出 Linux 内核与 GNU 工具集所支持的硬件范围之外。因此,任何被移植了 Linux 内核、libc、gcc 等,并拥有对应的 Debian 移植版的硬件体系或平台都可以运行 Debian。请参考移植页面 http://www.debian.org/ports/arm/ 以了解更多已被 Debian GNU/Linux 测试过的 32-bit soft-float ARM 体系。
本章仅包含一些通用的信息,以及在何处可以获得更多信息的指导,而不是试图列出支持 32-bit soft-float ARM 的所有不同硬件配置。
Debian GNU/Linux 8 支持十一种主要的体系和一些称为 “flavors” 的衍生品种。
体系 | Debian 命名 | 子体系 | Flavor |
---|---|---|---|
Intel x86-based | i386 | ||
AMD64 & Intel 64 | amd64 | ||
ARM | armel | Intel IXP4xx | ixp4xx |
Marvell Kirkwood | kirkwood | ||
Marvell Orion | orion5x | ||
Versatile | versatile | ||
带 FPU 的 ARM | armhf | multiplatform | armmp |
multiplatform for LPAE-capable systems | armmp-lpae | ||
64bit ARM | arm64 | ||
MIPS (big endian) | mips | SGI IP22 (Indy/Indigo 2) | r4k-ip22 |
SGI IP32 (O2) | r5k-ip32 | ||
MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta | ||
MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
MIPS (little endian) | mipsel | MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta |
MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
IBM/Motorola PowerPC | powerpc | PowerMac | pmac |
PReP | prep | ||
Amiga Power-UP Systems (APUS) | ppc64el | IBM POWER8 or newer machines | |
64bit IBM S/390 | s390x | 来自 VM-reader 和 DASD 的 IPL | generic |
本文档主要讲述的是 32-bit soft-float ARM 体系下的安装。如果您在寻找其他 Debian 所支持的体系的信息,请访问 Debian-Ports 网页。
The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors provide features which are not available in older models. Debian therefore provides three ARM ports to give the best support for a very wide range of different machines:
Debian/armel targets older 32-bit ARM processors without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU),
Debian/armhf works only on newer 32-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating point specification (VFPv3). It makes use of the extended features and performance enhancements available on these models.
Debian/arm64 works on 64-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv8 architecture.
大多数的 ARM CPU 可以运行在(big 或 little)任一 endian 模式下。但是当前绝大多少系统的实现都是使用 little-endian 模式。Debian 现在也仅支持 little-endian ARM 系统。
ARM systems are much more heterogeneous than those based on the i386/amd64-based PC architecture, so the support situation can be much more complicated.
The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called “system-on-chip” (SoC) designs. These SoCs are designed by many different companies with vastly varying hardware components even for the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. System firmware interfaces have been increasingly standardised over time, but especially on older hardware firmware/boot interfaces vary a great deal, so on these systems the Linux kernel has to take care of many system-specific low-level issues which would be handled by the mainboard's BIOS in the PC world.
At the beginning of the ARM support in the Linux kernel, the hardware variety resulted in the requirement of having a separate kernel for each ARM system in contrast to the “one-fits-all” kernel for PC systems. As this approach does not scale to a large number of different systems, work was done to allow booting with a single ARM kernel that can run on different ARM systems. Support for newer ARM systems is now implemented in a way that allows the use of such a multiplatform kernel, but for several older systems a separate specific kernel is still required. Because of this, the standard Debian distribution only supports installation on a selected number of such older ARM systems, alongside the newer systems which are supported by the ARM multiplatform kernels (called “armmp”) in Debian/armhf.
The following platforms are supported by Debian/armel; they require platform-specific kernels.
The Intel IXP4xx processor series is used in commonly used network attached storage (NAS) devices like the Linksys NSLU2.
While there is kernel support for this platform in Debian 8, it is not supported by the debian-installer
. It is possible to do a “dist-upgrade” from Debian 7 to Debian 8 for existing installations, though. Due to the small amount of RAM that systems based on the IXP4xx typically have, this requires that swap space is enabled prior to upgrading. Support for the IXP4xx platform will be dropped completely in Debian 9.
Kirkwood 是 Marvell 的 SoC 产品,集成了 ARM CPU、Ethernet、SATA、USB,以及其他一些功能。当前我们能支持以下几种基于 Kirkwood 的设备:OpenRD (OpenRD-Base, OpenRD-Client 和 OpenRD-Ultimate)、plug computers (SheevaPlug、GuruPlug 和 DreamPlug), QNAP Turbo Station (所有 TS-11x、TS-21x 和 TS-41x 型号),以及 LaCie NASes (Network Space v2、Network Space Max v2、Internet Space v2、d2 Network v2、2Big Network v2 和 5Big Network v2)。
Orion 是 Marvell 的 SoC 产品,集成了 ARM CPU、Ethernet、SATA、USB,以及其他一些功能。市场上有很多 NAS 设备基于 Orion 芯片。我们当前支持以下几种基于 Orion 的设备: Buffalo Kurobox、D-Link DNS-323 和 HP mv2120。
Versatile 平台由 QEMU 模拟,如果您没有硬件设备,用它来测试运行在 ARM 上的 Debian 是一个不错的方法。
Intel's I/O Processor (IOP) line is found in a number of products related to data storage and processing, such as the GLAN Tank from IO-Data and the Thecus N2100. Debian has supported the IOP32x platform in Debian 7, but does not support it any longer from version 8 on due to hardware constraints of the platform which make it unsuitable for the installation of newer Debian releases.
The MV78xx0 platform has been used on the Marvell DB-78xx0-BP development board. It was supported in Debian 7 with a platform-specific kernel (based on the Linux kernel version 3.2), but is not supported any more from Debian 8 onwards.
Debian 能支持的显卡取决于底层的 X.Org's X11 的支持。流行的 PC 上,图形显示器通常工作地很好。至于高级的显卡功能,比如 3D 硬件加速或硬件视频加速是否可用,由系统所使用的具体显示硬件和所要安装的额外“固件(firmware)”决定(参阅 第 2.2 节 “需要固件的设备”)。极个别的情况下使用基本的显示功能也需要安装额外的固件,但这是罕有的例子。
Nearly all ARM machines have the graphics hardware built-in, rather than being on a plug-in card. Some machines do have expansion slots which will take graphics cards, but that is a rarity. Hardware designed to be headless with no graphics at all is quite common. Whilst basic framebuffer video provided by the kernel should work on all devices that have graphics, fast 3D graphics invariably needs binary drivers to work. The situation is changing quickly but at the time of the jessie release free drivers for nouveau (Nvidia Tegra K1 SoC) and freedreno (Qualcomm Snapdragon SoCs) are available in the release. Other hardware needs non-free drivers from 3rd parties.
对显卡和其他定点设备的具体支持情况,见 http://xorg.freedesktop.org/。 Debian 8 包含 X.Org 7.7 版。
几乎所有被 Linux 内核支持的网卡 (NIC) 都被安装系统支持;驱动程序通常会自动加载。
32-bit soft-float ARM 上,支持大多数内置的以太网设备,并提供额外的 PCI 和 USB 设备模块。